{"id":1084,"date":"2019-05-13T16:22:11","date_gmt":"2019-05-13T20:22:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sensoft.ca\/gpr\/?p=1084"},"modified":"2019-05-16T10:20:46","modified_gmt":"2019-05-16T14:20:46","slug":"time-and-frequency","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sensoft.ca\/gpr\/time-and-frequency\/","title":{"rendered":"GPR Jargon &#8211; Time and Frequency"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section bb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.47&#8243; next_background_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.48&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;3.17&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Forza_Book||||||||&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>The last blog on jargon was driven by frustration about how far we, in the GPR community, have drifted from the fundamentals. \u00a0Our devices and methods are clearly not readily understood by the general user community. Teaching new users makes the problem abundantly clear.\u00a0 Let\u2019s take an example of someone describing their measurement instrument as a 100 MHz <a href=\"\/\">GPR<\/a>.\u00a0 Unless you are very knowledgeable, you would get a totally wrong or misleading impression of the measurement system.\u00a0 I take most umbrage with the use of the term \u2018100 MHz\u2019.\u00a0 We have allowed a totally inappropriate terminology to worm its way into our lexicon to the point that the terminology describing GPR devices is no longer related to the physics of the measurement process.<\/p>\n<p>When I first started into the world of GPR 50 years ago, the term ground-penetrating radar did not exist!\u00a0 In fact, the term used was \u2018impulse\u2019 radar.\u00a0 When I investigated the term \u2018impulse\u2019, I was led to another term \u2018baseband\u2019 radar.\u00a0 Baseband was more obtuse and was jargon from the electrical engineering world.<\/p>\n<p>Impulse radar made sense from the physics of emitting an impulse.\u00a0 Further, the real goal of GPR is to measure the \u2018impulse response\u2019 of the ground.\u00a0 Again, this is jargon, but there is both solid and intuitive understanding that a system\u2019s response to an impulse is a powerful way of describing a system and is directly related to the physics.\u00a0 We see the impulse response concept regularly in the everyday world.\u00a0 A loud bang (\u2018acoustic\u2019 impulse) can create a series of echoes that we can hear, and these are, in fact, the impulse response of the surroundings.\u00a0 We see this in the movies with submarines using sonar (acoustic pulses traveling in water to detect other vessels) and most boats that have marine echo sounders that detect water depth and\/or fish.<\/p>\n<p>The term ground-penetrating radar (GPR) became formally accepted at the international GPR users meeting held in Ottawa in 1988.\u00a0 At an evening discussion, the major players in the field discussed what we should collectively use to describe the field and the method and agreed on \u2018ground-penetrating radar\u2019.\u00a0 Since then there have a few pockets of resistance but, by and large, the name has become accepted.\u00a0 Hence, the term impulse radar morphed into ground penetrating radar.\u00a0 Of course, there was the usual editorial nit-picking from journals that insisted that the term be \u2018ground-penetrating radar\u2019 and not the unhyphenated form \u2018ground penetrating radar\u2019.\u00a0 (As a side note, the Ottawa meeting was not part of the now biennial GPR conferences but produced one of the earliest compendia on GPR which was published by the Geological Survey of Canada as GSA Paper 90-4 ed. J.A. Pilon)<\/p>\n<p>Whenever I hear the term GPR, I immediately associate it with an impulse radar device.\u00a0 The device will display signal amplitude versus time (which is a surrogate for depth in the ground) and spatial position.\u00a0 The display is a crude cross-section image of the subsurface and, if one delves deeper, it is a way of displaying the impulse response of the ground.<\/p>\n<p>What this leads to is the understanding that GPR measures signals versus time (ground system response echoes appear at various delay times after pulse emission).\u00a0 The system is characterized by a pulse being emitted by the transmitter.\u00a0 In the early days of GPR, impulse radar systems were characterized by \u201cpulse width\u201d.\u00a0 Pulse width was the time duration of the excitation pulse.\u00a0 Early systems were described as 10 ns or 2ns or 1 ns impulse radars (1 ns = 1 billionth of a second).\u00a0\u00a0 Pulse width (when multiplied by the speed of light 3 x10<sup>8<\/sup> m\/s) characterized the physical length of the emitted pulse and indicated its spatial resolution attainable in the impulse response.<\/p>\n<p>In my mind, the preceding descriptions have a sound physical basis and can be explained to the average user fairly quickly.\u00a0 As you can clearly see, there is a lot of jargon here already.\u00a0 While we should minimize jargon, jargon is a necessary part of all fields of technology; it is acceptable if it carries clear meaning that is generally understandable to the community with minimal difficulty.<\/p>\n<p>Now we have some understanding of the meaning of GPR, what does \u2018100 MHz\u2019 mean?\u00a0 Explaining this term takes a lot of explaining that brings in more jargon.\u00a0 Before digging in, note that \u2018100 MHz GPR\u2019 should really be interpreted as a 10ns pulse width impulse radar.<\/p>\n<p>We have already talked about time (which we all somewhat know, but do not necessarily know the subtleties).\u00a0 MHz is a measure of frequency, a new term. The term means a signal repeats 1 million times per second.\u00a0 The terms time and frequency both need clear definition.\u00a0 The true meaning and in-depth understanding are profound.\u00a0 I have inserted Wikipedia definitions here for reference. Surprisingly, the term Hz, which is the abbreviation for hertz (one oscillation per second), is not mentioned.<\/p>\n<p>The complexity of time and frequency are self-evident from the definitions.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;3.17&#8243;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;3.17&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Forza_Book||||||||&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Refer Definitions on Wikipedia:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Time\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Time\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em><strong>Time<\/strong><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Frequency\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frequency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em><strong>Frequency<\/strong><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;3.17&#8243;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;3.17&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Forza_Book||||||||&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>There is a connection between 10 ns impulse and 100 MHz, although not apparent; the period of a 100 MHz signal is 10 ns. This simple relationship is not the true explanation.\u00a0 More in-depth understanding leads to understanding the concepts of Fourier analysis.\u00a0 Suffice it to say that an impulse can be decomposed into a superposition of sinusoidal signals with a wide swath of frequencies.\u00a0 A superposition of frequencies spanning a spectral width of 100 MHz will create a pulse with a time duration of 10ns.\u00a0 The correct interpretation of 100 MHz is a bandwidth of 100 MHz, not a frequency of 100 MHz.\u00a0 (Note that this paragraph contains an immense amount of jargon and calls for fairly in-depth knowledge of mathematical physics.)<\/p>\n<p>From this limited description, which really skips over an immense amount of important detail, the use of frequency to describe a GPR is definitely subject to misinterpretation, is not intuitive to the average user, and takes a considerable amount of explanation.\u00a0 There are literally thousands of texts on the subjects of time, frequency and Fourier analysis.\u00a0 Attempting to provide a clear explanation is for another blog where we will try to provide clearer terminology definitions.\u00a0 One can see there is certainly a lot of attraction to just saying what is implied, a 10 ns impulse.<\/p>\n<p>There is no doubt a need for jargon in all specialty fields.\u00a0 The field of GPR is no exception. My big concern is that we have allowed complex and mostly unnecessary jargon, math complexity and technical-field specialty factors make the field of GPR murky and opaque to non-specialists.\u00a0 I will plead guilty to allowing this happen; I can also get caught in the jargon because it is easy. While I try to check myself, I do worry that some people deliberately add unmeaningful terms just to sound good and satisfy their own desire to appear knowledgeable.\u00a0 Let\u2019s all make a commitment to become more transparent and clearer in our dialog.\u00a0 Simpler really is better!<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;3.17&#8243; prev_background_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243;][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The last blog on jargon was driven by frustration about how far we, in the GPR community, have drifted from the fundamentals. \u00a0Our devices and methods are clearly not readily understood by the general user community. Teaching new users makes the problem abundantly clear.\u00a0 Let\u2019s take an example of someone describing their measurement instrument as [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":1097,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[34,25],"tags":[20],"class_list":["post-1084","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ground-radar","category-recent","tag-ground-scanning-radar"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>GPR Jargon - Time and Frequency - Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sensoft.ca\/gpr\/time-and-frequency\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"GPR Jargon - Time and Frequency - Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The last blog on jargon was driven by frustration about how far we, in the GPR community, have drifted from the fundamentals. \u00a0Our devices and methods are clearly not readily understood by the general user community. 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